equipment and external co-operation. Efficiency means not only economy of time and energy but advancement in many other directions, as we shall presently see more clearly. In so far as it becomes a mental and moral ideal, including the conservation of human energy, it may be realised in the world of moral conduct even when the physical conditions are not what they might be. Hence there is no reason for limiting the idea to the large industries. The more relentlessly the idea is developed in the commercial world, the greater will be the reasons for extending the principle of mental and moral efficiency into all departments of life.

Looking at the matter from the point of view of the individual, the first need is that each man shall find something that he can do and do well, thereby gaining the power required for advancement. He may then make a study of the conditions most likely to secure progress. The man who becomes a skilled workman or manager does not necessarily begin in the occupation in which he eventually achieves success, but he puts his energies in motion and then uses his powers of initiative. For every man must learn the art of work, acquiring the power to apply himself, to be thorough, to hold out. This means concentration on the task at hand with a view to cutting down the waste, observation to see wherein the work can be improved,