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with all voluntary and conscious action. "We present its functions in the words of Bain, to whom we are especially indebted in this connection. "Experiments have been made with a view of determining the characteristic functions of this cerebral mass, so large in the human brain, although dwindling to the most insignificant dimensions in the lowest vertebrate animals, namely, reptiles and fishes.
"The convolutions are the portions most accessible to operations. The hemispheres have been seen above to consist of an outer layer of convoluted grey matter, and an interior mass of white, fibrous, or connecting matter. "When irritation is applied to the hemispheres, as by pricking or cutting, we find a remarkable absence of the effects manifested in the other centres. Neither feeling nor movement is produced. This makes a very great distinction between the hemispheres and the whole of the ganglia and centres lying beneath them.
"Pressure from above downwards, produces stupor.
"The removal of both hemispheres in an animal has the following results:
"First: Sight and hearing are entirely lost.
"Second: Consciousness, including both feeling and thought, seems utterly abolished: so that whatever bodily activity may survive, the mental life is extinct.
"Third: All power of moving for an end, all forethought, purpose, or volition, is entirely extinguished. This is an inevitable consequence of the preceding fact. For without feeling and the memory of feelings and ideas there can be no voluntary action. The simple act of seizing food implies, besides the power of sight, the feeling of hunger, and the mental association of the appearance of the food with the satisfying of the feeling.
"Fourth: The power of accomplishing many connected movements still remains. The actions of flying or walking
