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once, as a necessary truth. Nothing, probably, but the exigencies of a theory, would ever lead one, with Mill, to strive to trace a conviction like this to experience. Certain it is, that no mathematician ' ever thought of establishing it by induction. Experimental truth never imparts such immediate and perfect belief. Of a like nature is the instant and unavoidable assurance that the changes taking place before us have a cause. Whenever a statement is solely dependent on a regulative idea, it becomes a necessary or demonstrative truth.

Universality, remaining a separate criterion, must refer to the constant presence of one or other of these ideas in every judgment; to the fact of the impossibility of distinct, declared thought in any mind without them. These universal antecedents of thought cannot be furnished by thought itself. Thought cannot supply its own conditions. The universality of their presence in each act of mind and in all minds becomes thus a proof of their supersensual nature. It seems to us, however, that it is a careful analysis of the processes and growth of thought, that is to establish each idea by itself; to lay open its transcendental character, as in the case of the infinite and liberty; or its necessary, antecedent presence to a certain class of judgments, as right to ethical judgments, consciousness to the apprehension of mental facts. The three criteria, the necessity of the involved truths, the universal presence of one or more of those notions in all judgments, the transcendental nature of the conceptions themselves, are not applicable all of them with equal clearness to each of the twelve ideas, and must be applied and sustained by a distinct discussion of the mental phenomena involved.

A more analytical application of criteria would involve five tests of intuitive ideas, (1) immediateness, (2) necessity, (3) universality, (4) identity, and (5) transcendental character.