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the motive which prompts an action. Thus the final cause of removing the rocks is the construction of a railroad.

The doctrine of intuitive ideas is often damaged by its .advocates. It is asserted that consciousness testifies to much not referable to this source. The direct matter of consciousness, sensations, thoughts, feelings, volitions, are undeniable. There is no ground for dispute when any fact is a product of consciousness, that is, belongs to mental states. It is quite a different question, What is involved in the data of consciousness? The validity of our judgments, the ideas under which they proceed are to be arrived at by analysis, by reasoning, and are not directly vouched for by consciousness.

It is sometimes said we are conscious of force, and therefore of a cause in putting forth voluntary effort. The true statement would rather seem to be, we are conscious of volition, and of the subsequent sensations which accompany action, but not at all of the hidden link of power which unites them. Indeed, it is not always possible for us to tell whether the intended muscular result will follow the volition. Some paralysis may have intervened, arresting the flow of energy, and the interior connection lies so wholly beyond consciousness, that we can only determine the presence or absence of suitable muscular conditions by a tentative effort at movement. If we were conscious of force, force itself would be phenomenal, and lose its subphenomenal character. It would cease to be a causal idea and would become a sensible fact or effect.

The simplest statement of causation is, Every effect must have a cause. In this is involved the expectation of the perpetuity of nature, since every change in the effect, as itself an effect, would demand a new, specific cause. With no apparent change in causes, we anticipate previous results, since these must follow from the unchanged forms