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Necessity, which every philosopher seems ready to introduce at SOUK- [...hit, is born not of experience, but of men's thoughts; not of matter, but of mind.

We briefly sum up the conclusions arrived at. Extension is not a quality of matter, but its antecedent condition, and owes the sense of necessity that accompanies it to the necessary idea of space. The same reason that makes it, would make duration also, a quality of matter. The actual form or extension of bodies is contingent and inferential. Solidity, or the power of exclusion, is a quality of matter, and owes its necessity to our idea of the nature of matter, an idea arising under the notions of space and of cause. It differs not from odor, color in implying a permanent substratum. Every quality of matter, every sensation and perception involve this, though they mutually deepen and confirm it. Solidity, a sense of resistance, is felt to be more necessarily involved in matter than odor and taste, because, in experience, we almost exclusively use this constant and convenient test of its presence. This, however, is an empirical distinction, arising from the nature of one senses, of an uncertain character, and of no particular importance. The distinction then of primary qualities, while involving important points in philosophy, in its common form breaks down. These qualities are not more directly perceived than other qualities; they are not in contrast with them nor known to be more necessary. If we reason from the quality to the substratum, each implies this, and the necessity is common and complete. If we reason from the substratum to its qualities, no individual quality is seen to be necessary, neither any kind nor class of qualities as hardness, color. "We can not so penetrate the nature of the cause as to antecedently declare what its action will be. The greater constancy of one quality over another is learned by experience; the intrinsic necessity of that constancy, if