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sketching and painting. A few lines, as of a human face, on a plain surface, give us at once, under our constructive powers, form, substance, distance, character; objective throughout and thoroughly realized.

Yet around this relation of the mental impressions to the underlying facts, most of the divisions and denials of philosophy have sprung up, chiefly because the intuitive presence and the validity of the notion of causation have been overlooked, the firm yet inscrutable line between physical and mental facts been lost, and kinds of knowledge impossible from the nature of the case been sought after. If we accept these data, the separate, unmistakable character of mental phenomena, the soundness of our intuitions, and the distinct, incomparable forms of knowledge, there is very little ground for discussion. What the mind directly knows must be purely mental, for a fact becomes mental, is mental, by virtue of being found in consciousness. "What it indirectly knows are the phenomena of space, and those of other minds, both interpreted by its own experience; and those permanent, efficient powers which underlie phenomena, known only as forces or causes, and not at all as appearances or effects. Facts that are placed in any other region than space and consciousness, or are to be known in any other way than directly as phenomena or indirectly as causes, are hopelessly unknowable, are so far chaotic as to lack any formative idea to define them, any condition of thought under which to appear.

The impressions in the mind cannot be mistaken because they are pervaded by consciousness; the underlying and the outside facts which they disclose cannot be visionary, for all the intuitions and judgments of the mind vouch for them. The external world is known as the certain cause of the fixed impressions which shadow it forth in the mind, and this knowledge is the exact equivalent of that