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or intensity. In addition to these primary qualities, there are secondary ones, which combine physical discrimination with rational association. Sounds are thus intellectual, emotional, arid musical. The first two may each exist without the others, and the third quite modifies the two former in their combinations and force. Original discrimination and the modifications of experience enter, in a most complex and inseparable way, into the appreciation of these secondary qualities. The primary qualities of sound, like those of vision, develop a series of perceptive judgments, though these judgments are less numerous and important than those of the eye.

We infer from a sound its source, as the presence of an acquaintance from his voice. These judgments rest wholly on the associations of experience. We judge of the distance of any audible object by the intensity of the sound. This class of inferences arises under more uniform natural connections interpreted to us by experience. We also decide by sound, though with some hesitation, on the direction of audible objects. In these conclusions we derive assistance from the possession of two ears. Direction is settled by the greatest intensity of sound, it being found in the line of the wave motion.

In touch, taste, and odor we deal with matter in three forms as offering resistance in masses, as floating in a gaseous or most minute form in the air, as dissolved in water or saliva. In the first, the condition is mechanical, in the other two chemical. The things of which these senses take cognizance are, between the three senses, incomparable with each other, and, in the same sense, very numerous, with every gradation of difference. The sensations take on the variety and changeable forms of the feelings, as opposed to the narrow and definite action of the powers of the mind. Our perceptive judgments through these three senses are