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equivalence of these effects with their causes. Each thought, feeling, volition, every combination of these must be the exact counterpart of a correspondingly definite state of the brain. Every thought, and every possible thought on every possible topic, stand in correspondence to some form of cerebration. We think of Paris by one state of brain, of London by a second, of Pekin by a third, and of each person and thing in these cities by still other forms of physical activity. This is a complexity of conception quite startling and wholly unnecessary.

It follows from placing efficient causation solely in the physical world. Admit independent power in the mind and this reasoning at once loses its force. No definite state of the muscles decides whether the strength put forth shall be expended in lifting a pound of lead, or one of iron, or of stone; whether the person shall walk toward the north, or the south, or the south-east. A certain energy, for what purpose soever employed, taxes the muscles to a certain degree; and this fact is the simple condition of its exertion. It is not a given molecular state of the muscles which settles directions and offices, but the living agent who employs the muscles. The antecedent cerebral state may neither determine the form of the force, nor, save under general conditions, its degree. The efficiency deciding on the special kind of activity is found in the mind, not in the brain; for the mind is something other and more than the brain and its functions, as the engineer is something more than the engine. Assigning a definite intellectual state to an equally definite state of brain, we shall be unable to account for the slight effect on the mind of accidents attended with a loss of the substance of the brain, or for the restoration of memories which have once been lost by disease. It is certainly not easy to refer this renewal to a subtile superintendence that in the passage of months slowly builds up