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and unconscious. Thought is made so dependent on cerebration that if cerebration proceeds, it is regarded as immaterial whether it is accompanied by consciousness or not. The mind may be borne forward in its intellectual processes by acts of unconscious cerebration. "We may travel by day or by night, waking or sleeping, to our intellectual destination. The wheels roll on without our observation. This theory of course involves the pre-eminence of the cerebral state, and the progress of thought is made incident to its progress. The sun casts a shadow on a dial; it is hidden by clouds for a time, and then again shines forth; the hands have advanced on the disk, and the index line, as if it had stolen on its way unobserved, falls at the appropriate figure. This view should recognize distinctly, and state clearly, that the intellectual movement is incident to, and controlled by, the physical one. Certainly an intellectual process as an intellectual one cannot progress in unconsciousness, any more than a shadow as a shadow can travel in darkness.

This is the fatal objection to unconscious cerebration; it subverts or obscures the true line of dependence. We do not deny, that, as the organ limits the activity of the mind its special states enter as a factor of moment into each result. But so also does the condition of our muscles settle the effective force of the will; yet the physical energy does not predetermine the voluntary power. No more does a process of cerebration precede and causally determine the mental activity it expresses.

Dr. Carpenter, in his Mental Physiology, presents fully, and in its best form, the doctrine of unconscious cerebration. Many of the reasons which sustain it are those already sufficiently considered in connection with unconscious mental action. The additional points made by Dr. Carpenter we will consider. This doctrine is so generally accepted, and is so destructive of true mental powers, that we feel