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mental science itself, can cast no light whatever upon it. The facts of philosophy lie in consciousness; here they are to be sought, and every fact therein contained is to be made the subject of consideration.

Consciousness is commensurate with all mental states and acts. It accompanies feeling as much as thinking, and volition as much as either. The only possible way in which a mental state or act can be testified to, is by consciousness; some mind at some time has known or felt it. An event that happens nowhere in space is not a physical event; an act or state that is not found in the field of consciousness is not a mental act or state. There are either facts that are neither physical nor mental, that exist neither in space nor consciousness, but in some unintelligible form in some third region, or all facts fall under these two divisions; and it remains the criterion of one class that they occur in space, and of the other that they occur in consciousness. A third state is inadmissible as unknown and unnecessary. Consciousness is neither a knowing nor a feeling nor a willing, is neither this nor that mental act, but a condition common to them all, a field in which they appear, in which they arise and make proof of their existence. A consciousness of knowing is necessary to knowing, a consciousness of feeling is necessary to feeling, and of willing to volition; and as these three cover all states and acts of mind, consciousness is involved in the very conception of a mental act or state. It is an inseparable something which defines the nature of the phenomena to which it pertains.

Consciousness gives we use familiar language, a more careful expression would be, in consciousness is found the mere fact of a mental state, that it is, and what it is, whether one of thought, feeling, or volition; or a complex one involving two or more of these. It renders phenomena