and grade and be planted on the new ones. The moral impulses must take the place of the physical and intellectual ones. Just now the roots of desire are a little loosened, and yet we have not learned to replace them by the affections which spring from good-will. Hence many are asking whether life is worth having, and some are pessimists. Having pushed human life forward along the narrow lines of rank, wealth and culture, and finding it now as hitherto tossed and tormented in a chopping sea of selfish impulses, with no spiritual breadth of horizon or peacefulness, we ask in vexation whether it is worth possessing, our very question indicating the waste we have made of it. Our method has shut in our lives and smothered them down till they are able, like a feeble, flickering light, only to make tangible and painful the surrounding darkness.

An intellectual development drawing near its end gives abundant material for pessimism. Neither the animal appetites, nor their enlargement into the intellectual desires with their incident activities, offer any ultimate good. The appetites, the physical sensibilities, remain the seat of action, and though action receives a very sudden enlargement in the impulses of civilized life, mere action must always wear out, yielding no rest. It is peaceful revolution around a permanent centre that alone bestows happiness. Physical sensibilities may greatly help a rational life otherwise full, but the instant they are looked to for support, they disclose a double weakness. (1) They create an appetite