able to touch the life below them. In the perception of truth and beauty and right, man reaches profounder relations of things and actions than belong to them in their sensible properties, and out of these new terms there arises a new development. The terminologies of science and religion are yet a long way apart, but this fact of a new and larger life is tersely covered by the words of Christ, "Ye must be born again."

§ 4. The first stage in this spiritual development is social --- we say the first stage, though the several stages accompany each other. Social growth has three impulses, which succeed each other, without, however, the absolute loss of any. The seed has first its nourishment in itself, and later takes it from the earth beneath it and the air above it. The simplest impulses in society are appetites and affections of a narrow but decided range. These are supported on their own plane by the necessity of safety, and together they result in tribes. With intellectual development comes national life, giving the conditions needed for the play of the desires, which constitute the second class of incentives. The range of activities and sentiments incident to the desires of wealth and power and position, is much greater than that of the appetites, though its centre in personal well-being remains the same. This development opens up all the phases of civilization. It separates families more distinctly below, and combines races above into great nations, offering scope to large and varied ambitions. Both results are in the self-seeking impulses. The personal element